The wolf pack is a tightly knit social group with a hierarchical structure to maintain pack organization for hunting and care of the pack. The hierarchy of a typical wolf pack is as follows: an Alpha male who is pack leader; a Beta male that supports the Alpha male; subordinates; and, the Omega wolf, typically a female, who bears the brunt of the pack's stress.
Alpha wolves are not dominant because they are the strongest, but because they are effective leaders. Thus, they lead the pack by organization and rallying, rather than forceful domination and strength. This is consistent with the very nature of the pack--it is not vital that the pack be as strong as can be, but as organized as possible, so that the hunt can be as successful as possible. The Alpha wolves tend to start and guide most pack activities. They lead the pack when travelling, decide when and where to hunt, are usually the first to attack strange wolves, and tend to attack the most vigorously when encountering a hostile wolf pack.
The Beta wolf usually does the 'enforcing' of the pack structure, showing support for the Alpha, and 'reminding' the other members of who is in charge.
The Omega wolf bears the stress of the pack by acting as a kind of a scapegoat. This is an essential role, as the pack must find a way to relieve stress if the hunt is not successful, or if a pack member is angered or stressed for any other reason. Surprisingly, the Omega wolf finds comfort in its position.
You can tell a wolf's rank in the pack simply by looking at how it holds its body. Alpha wolves stand more erect with their tails held higher, while lower-ranking ones slouch toward the ground. Submissive wolves even relieve themselves differently from alphas; an Omega wolf urinates in a squatting position.
Wolves communicate in many ways. Primary communication seems to be body language, gesture, and expression. Wolves do vocalize in the form of howling and other minor ways such as whines, whimpers, yips and sometimes even barks. “Mob greetings,” wherein a large number, if not all, of the pack member gather and lick and/or sniff each other, are commonplace.
It is important to remember that Alpha wolves are the most experienced members of a pack and it is generally to every member's advantage to do what they bid.




